Παρουσίαση/Προβολή

Εισαγωγικά

Πανεπιστήμιο Αιγαίου
Τμήμα Πολιτισμικής Τεχνολογίας και Επικοινωνίας
Προπτυχιακό πρόγραμμα σπουδών
Μάθημα: Περιβαλλοντικές Παράμετροι Μουσείων (ΠΠΜ).
Τύπος μαθήματος: Υποχρεωτικό Επιλογής (ΥΕ).
Έτος Σπουδών: 4ο. 
Εξάμηνο Σπουδών: 7ο εξάμηνο.
Κωδικός μαθήματος: 1ΜΟ214.
Αριθμός πιστωτικών μονάδων (ECTS): 5.
Αριθμός διδακτικών μονάδων: 3.
Διδάσκων: Γεράσιμος Δ. Παυλογεωργάτος, Αναπληρωτής Καθηγητής Παν. Αιγαίου.

Περιεχόμενο μαθήματος

Είναι γνωστό ότι από τη στιγμή που κατασκευάζεται ένα αντικείμενο, αρχίζουν οι διαδικασίες φθοράς του. Κατά τη διάρκεια των τελευταίων δεκαετιών έχει αποδειχθεί ότι, οι περιβαλλοντικές συνθήκες που επικρατούν στους εκθεσιακούς και αποθηκευτικούς χώρους των μουσείων, είναι από τους πιο  κρίσιμους παράγοντες σχετικά με τη διατήρηση των συλλογών. Η ρύπανση (χημική και ηχητική), οι συχνές διακυμάνσεις της σχετικής υγρασίας και της θερμοκρασίας, ο ακατάλληλος φωτισμός είναι δυνατόν να προκαλέσουν σημαντικές φθορές στα διάφορα εκθέματα. Στο πλαίσιο αυτό, το συγκεκριμένο μάθημα έχει ως στόχο να μελετήσει τις διάφορες περιβαλλοντικές παραμέτρους που μπορούν να απειλήσουν τη διατήρηση των συλλογών και να μελετήσει τις διαθέσιμες επιστημονικές μεθόδους και τεχνικές που μπορούν να τις προστατεύσουν από τις αλλοιώσεις που προκαλούνται από την αλληλεπίδραση τους με το περιβάλλον.

Μαθησιακοί στόχοι

Στο τέλος του συγκεκριμένου μαθήματος, ο/η φοιτητής/τρια θα:
– γνωρίζει βασικές πληροφορίες που αφορούν τη φυσική και τη χημεία των περιβαλλοντικών παραμέτρων που είναι δυνατόν να επηρεάσουν τη φυσική κατάσταση των διαφόρων συλλογών της υλικής πολιτισμικής κληρονομιάς.
– Γνωρίζει τη χρήση των οργάνων που χρησιμοποιούνται για τον έλεγχο των συγκεκριμένων περιβαλλοντικών παραμέτρων.
– Κατανοεί τη σημαντικότητα της επιλογής του κατάλληλου χώρου έκθεσης ή αποθήκευσης των διαφόρων συλλογών και της διατήρησης των βέλτιστων περιβαλλοντικών συνθηκών με σκοπό την προστασία των συλλογών.
– Είναι ικανός/η με τη χρήση των διαθέσιμων επιστημονικών οργάνων του Εργαστηρίου Διαχείρισης της Πολιτισμικής Κληρονομιάς, να μπορεί να διαπιστώσει εάν οι συνθήκες που επικρατούν σε ένα χώρο είναι ικανοποιητικές για την έκθεση ή αποθήκευση συγκεκριμένων συλλογών.

Προτεινόμενα συγγράμματα

Παυλογεωργάτος Γ., 2011. Ξύλο. Είδη ξύλου, χρήσεις, δομή, ιδιότητες, απειλές, προστασία. Τα υλικά της πολιτιστικής κληρονομιάς. Αθήνα: Εκδόσεις Προπομπός.
Λαζαρίδης Μ., 2008. Ποιότητα αέρα σε εσωτερικούς χώρους . Αθήνα: Εκδόσεις Τζιόλα.

Μέθοδοι αξιολόγησης

Η αξιολόγηση των φοιτητών-τριων που έχουν επιλέξει το συγκεκριμένο μάθημα, βασίζεται:

Α) Στην εξεταστική του Φεβρουαρίου, το 40% της τελικής βαθμολογίας προκύπτει από  την ενδιάμεση γραπτή εξέταση με κλειστές σημειώσεις (μέσα στο Δεκέμβριο) και το υπόλοιπο 60% από ττην τελική γραπτή εξέταση με κλειστές σημειώσεις σε όλη τη διδακτέα ύλη (εξεταστική Φεβρουαρίου).
Β) Στην επαναληπτική εξεταστική του Σεπτεμβρίου, ο τελικός βαθμός προκύπτει αποκλειστικά από την επίδοση του/της φοιτητή/τριας  στις γραπτές εξετάσεις (με κλειστά βιβλία) στη διδακτέα ύλη.

Βιβλιογραφία

Γενικά

o Pavlogeorgatos G., 2003. Environmental parameters in museums. Building and Environment, 38:12, pp. 1457-1462.
o Pavlogeorgatos G., 2008. Preservation of Material Cultural Heritage, 3rd edition. Athens: V. Giurdas.
o Taetreault, J., 2003. Airborne pollutants in museums, galleries and archives: risk assessment, control strategies and preservation management. Ottawa: Canadian Conservation Institute.
o Hatchfield, P., 2002. Pollutants in the museum environment: practical strategies for problem solving in design, exhibition, storage. London: Archetype Publications.
o Cassar, M., J. Hutchings, et al., 2000. Relative humidity and temperature pattern book: a guide to understanding and using data on the museum environment. London: Museums & Galleries Commission.
o Blades, N., 2000. Guidelines on pollution control in museum buildings. London: Museums Association.
o Thomson, G., 1986. The museum environment. Boston: Butterworths in association with the International Institute for Conservation of Historic and Artistic Works.
o Macleod, K. J., 1978. Relative humidity: its importance, measurement, and control in museums. Ottawa: Canadian Conservation Institute, National Museums of Canada.
o Guichen, G. and International Centre for the Study of the Preservation and the Restoration of Cultural Property, 1984. Climate in museums: measurement. Rome: ICCROM.
o Cassar, M., J. Hutchings, et al., 2000. Relative humidity and temperature pattern book: a guide to understanding and using data on the museum environment. London: Museums & Galleries Commission.

Ενδεικτική βιβλιογραφία για διάφορα θέματα που θίγονται κατά τη διάρκεια των διαλέξεων.

Όξινη βροχή και επιπτώσεις της στην πολιτισμική κληρονομιά

• Camuffo, D. (1992). Acid rain and deterioration of monuments: How old is the phenomenon? Atmospheric Environment – Part B Urban Atmosphere 26 (2), pp. 241-247.
• Baedecker, P.A., Reddy, M.M., Reimann, K.J., Sciammarella, C.A. (1992). Effects of acidic deposition on the erosion of carbonate stone – experimental results from the U.S. National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program (NAPAP). Atmospheric Environment – Part B Urban Atmosphere 26 (2), pp. 147-158.
• Sweevers, H., Van Grieken, R. (1992). Analytical study of the deterioration of sandstone, marble and granite. Atmospheric Environment – Part B Urban Atmosphere 26 (2), pp. 159-163.
• McGee, E.S., Mossotti, V.G.(1992). Gypsum accumulation on carbonate stone. Atmospheric Environment – Part B Urban Atmosphere 26 (2), pp. 249-253.
• Meakin, J.D., Ames, D.L., Dolske, D.A. (1992). Degradation of monumental bronzes. Atmospheric Environment – Part B Urban Atmosphere 26 (2), pp. 207-215.
• Guidobaldi, F., Mecchi, A.M. (1993). Corrosion of ancient marble monuments by rain: Evaluation of pre-industrial recession rates by laboratory simulations. Atmospheric Environment – Part B Urban Atmosphere 27 B (3), pp. 339-351.
• Spiker, E.C., Hosker Jr., R.P., Weintraub, V.C., Sherwood, S.I.(1995). Laboratory study of SO2 dry deposition on limestone and marble: Effects of humidity and surface variables. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 85 (4), pp. 2679-2685.
• Dolske, D.A. (1995). Deposition of atmospheric pollutants to monuments, statues, and buildings. Science of the Total Environment 167, pp. 15-31.
• Grossi, C.M., Murray, M., Butlin, R.N. (1995). Response of porous building stones to acid deposition. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 85 (4), pp. 2713-2718.
• Johnson, J.B., Montgomery, M., Thompson, G.E., Wood, G.C., Sage, P.W., Cooke, M.J. (1996). The influence of combustion-derived pollutants on limestone deterioration: 2. The wet deposition of pollutant species. Corrosion Science 38 (2), pp. 267-278.
• Lammel, G., Metzig, G. (1997). Pollutant fluxes onto the facades of a historical monument. Atmospheric Environment 31 (15), pp. 2249-2259.
• Moropoulou, A., Bisbikou, K., Torfs, K., Van Grieken, R., Zezza, F., MacRi, F. (1998). Origin and growth of weathering crusts on ancient marbles in industrial atmosphere. Atmospheric Environment 32 (6), pp. 967-982.
• Maeda, Y., Morioka, J., Tsujino, Y., Satoh, Y., Zhang, X., Mizoguchi, T., Hatakeyama, S. (2001). Material damage caused by acidic air pollution in East Asia. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 130 (1-4), pp. 141-150.
• Böke, H., Gauri, K.L. (2003). Reducing marble-SO2 reaction rate by the application of certain surfactants. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 142 (1-4), pp. 59-70.
• Cicileo, G.P., Crespo, M.A., Rosales, B.M. (2004). Comparative study of patinas formed on statuary alloys by means of electrochemical and surface analysis techniques. Corrosion Science 46 (4), pp. 929-953.
• Doherty, B., Pamplona, M., Selvaggi, R., Miliani, C., Matteini, M.,Sgamellotti, A., Brunetti, B.(2007).  Efficiency and resistance of the artificial oxalate protection treatment on marble against chemical weathering. Applied Surface Science 253 (10), pp. 4477-4484.
• Lee, S.Y., Kim, S.J., Baik, M.H. (2008). Chemical weathering of granite under acid rainfall environment, Korea. Environmental Geology 55 (4), pp. 853-862.

Προστασία ψηφιακών δεδομένων

• Kahn, M. (2004). Protecting your library’s digital sources: the essential guide to planning and preservation. Chicago, American Library Association.
• Dollar, C. M. (2002). Authentic electronic records: strategies for long-term access. Chicago, Cohasset Associates.
• Lazinger, S. S. and H. R. Tibbo (2001). Digital preservation and metadata: history, theory, practice. Englewood, Colo., Libraries Unlimited.
• Jones, M., N. Beagrie, et al. (2001). Preservation management of digital materials: a handbook. London, The British Library for Resource, the Council for Museums, Archives and Libraries.
• Hunter, G. S. (2000). Preserving digital information: a how-to-do-it manual. New York, Neal-Schuman.
• Clark, S. and Institute of Paper Conservation. (1999). Care of photographic, moving image, & sound collections: 20th-24th July 1998: University College of Ripon & York St.John, York, England: conference papers. Leigh [England], Institute of Paper Conservation.
• Kenney, A. R., S. Chapman, et al. (1996). Digital imaging for libraries and archives. Ithaca, N.Y., Dept. of Preservation and Conservation, Cornell University Library.
• Wilhelm, H. G. and C. Brower (1993). The permanence and care of color photographs: traditional and digital color prints, color negatives, slides, and motion pictures. Grinnell, Iowa, U.S.A., Preservation Pub. Co.
• Lynn, M. S. and Commission on Preservation and Access. Technology Assessment Advisory Committee. (1990). Preservation and access technology: the relationship between digital and other media conversion processes; a structural glossary of technical terms. Washington, D.C., Commission on Preservation and Access.
• Florence Rollet, Sandrine Morlat- Therias, Jean –Luc Gardette, Jean- Marc Fontaine, Jacques Perdereau, Jean – Dominique Polack (2008), Identification of parameters involved in the photochemically induced degradation of CD-R phthalocyanine dye. Journal of  Cultural Heritage, Volume 9, Issue 3, pages 234-243.
• Oliver Slattery, Richang Lu, Jian Zheng, Fred Byers and Xiao Tang, (2004). Stability Comparison of Recordable Optical Discs – A Study of Error Rates in Harsh Conditions, Journal of Research of National Institute of Standards and Technology, Volume 109, Number 5, pages 517-524.
• Lunt B.M., Sydenham R., Zhang F., Linford M.R. (2007). Digital Data Preservation: The Millennium CD and Graceful Degradation. Proc. FHTW 2007, Brigham Young University, USA.
• Rosenthal D.S.H. (2009). How are we “Ensuring the Longevity of Digital Documents”?. LOCKSS Program Stanford University Libraries.
• IFLA PAC (2009). Preservation of audiovisual collections – moving images. International Preservation news. A newsletter of the IFLA core activity on preservation and conservation, No. 47, May 2009, pp. 1-44.
• Berman F. (2008). Got data? A guide to data preservation in the information age. Communication of the ACM, December 2008, vol. 51, no 12, pp.50-56.
• Fleischhauer C. (2007). Video formatting and preservation. DLF Forum, Philadelphia, USA, November 6, 2007.
• The National Science Foundation, The Library of Congress (2003). It’s about time. Research challenges in digital archiving and long -term preservation. Final report workshop on research challenges in digital archiving and long -term preservation, April 12-13, 2002.
• Canadian Heritage (2004). Digital Preservation for Museums: Recommendations -part 2: A Possible Checklist for Creating Preservation Policy.
• Bishoff L. (2006). Digital Preservation Readiness. University of Colorado Boulder MCN 2006 November 9, 2006.
• Bishoff L. (2007). Digital Preservation Assessment: Readying Cultural Heritage Institutions for Digital Preservation. University of Colorado Boulder, April 20, 2007.
• Iraki J. (2005). The Relative Stabilities of Optical Disc Formats. Restaurator, vol. 26, pp. 134-150.

Προληπτική συντήρηση βιβλίων

Προληπτική συντήρηση φωτογραφιών

• IPI (2004). A Consumer Guide to Traditional and Digital Print Stability. Image Permanence Institute (Rochester Institute of Technology), Rochester, NY.
• Albright G. (1999).  Storage Enclosures for Photographic Materials –  Technical Leaflet, Andover, MA: Northeast Document Conservation Center.
• Albright G., Fischer M., (1999), Care of Photographs –  Technical Leaflet, Andover, MA: Northeast Document Conservation Center.
• Brower C., (2003), The handling, presentation and conservation matting of photographs.
• Brown A., (2003), Digital Preservation Guidance Notes: 5 – Image Compression, the national archives.

• The Library of Congress (2002). Care, Handling, and Storage of Photographs,
• NPS (1998). Caring for Color Photographs.National Park Service, USA.
• NPS (1997). Caring for Photographs: General Guidelines. National Park Service, USA.
• NPS (1997). Caring for Photographs: Special Formats. National Park Service, USA.
• NPS (1998). Caring for Photographs: Special Monochrome Processes. National Park Service, USA.

• The National Archives (—-). Caring for your photographs. The National Archives, UK.
• AIC (2009). Caring for your treasures – Photographs. The American Institute for Conservation of Historic and Artistic Works (AIC), USA.

• Cattaneo B., Chelazzi D., Giorgi R., Serena T., Merlo C., Baglioni P., (2008). Physico-chemical characterization and conservation issues of photographs dated between 1890 and 1910, Journal of Cultural Heritage, Vol. 9 , 3, pp 277 – 284.

• NPS (1993). Chronology of Photographic Processes. National Park Service, USA.
• Clark S, Frey F., Care of photographs, Safeguarding European Photo Images for Access (SEPIA)
• Klijn E, de Lusenet L, (2000), In the picture – Preservation and digitisation of European photographic collections, Safeguarding European Photo Images for Access (SEPIA)NPS (1993). Making Mounting Corners for Photographs and Paper Objects. National Park Service, USA.
• National Library of Australia, (2003), Guidelines for the preservation of digital heritage.
• Ogden S. (1991), Preservation Options for Scrapbook and Album Formats, The Book and Paper Group Annual 10.
• Blue Earth County Historical Society (—-). Photograph Preservation – A guide to safely storing photographs and negatives, Blue Earth County Historical SocietyDerby D., (1997), Caring for Your Photographs, Washington, DC: American Institute for Conservation of Historic and Artistic Works (AIC)
• CCAHA (—-). Family papers and photographs, Tips for long – term care, The Conservation Center for Art and Historic Artifacts (CCAHA)
• Fischer M, Robb A., (1993), Guidelines for Care & Identification of Film-Base Photographic Materials, Art Conservation Program,
• University of Delaware, Winterthur Museum
• Fischer M. (2004), A Short Guide to Film Base Photographic Materials: Identification, Care, and Duplication – Technical Leaflet,  Andover, MA: Northeast Document Conservation Center.Canadian Heritage (—-). How to care for…Photographic materiadf”>NPS (1993). Storage Enclosures for Photographic Prints and Negatives. National Park Service, USA.NARA (2004). Technical Guidelines for Digitizing Archival Materials for Electronic Access: Creation of Production Master Files – Raster Images, U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA).
• SEPIA (—-). To Have and to Hold: Preservation of Photographic Collections,  Safeguarding European Photo Images for Access (SEPIA)
• van Wijngaarden H., Oltmans E., (2004). Digital preservation and permanent access: the UVC for images, National Library of the Netherlands.
• Wilhelm H. (1993), The Permanence and Care of Color Photographs: Traditional and Digital Color Prints, Color Negatives, Slides, and Motion Pictures. Grinnell, IA: Preservation Publishing Co.

Προληπτική συντήρηση χαρτιού

• Kawashima, N., Sato, J., Yamauchi, T. (2008). Paper friction at the various measuring conditions – Effect of relative humidity. Sen’i Gakkaishi 64 (11), pp. 336-339.Kawashima, N., Sato, J., Yamauchi, T. (2008). Paper friction – Effect of real contact area. Sen’i Gakkaishi 64 (11), pp. 329-335.
• Skowroński, J., Kryczka, M. (2008). Paper behavior in inkjet printing part 1. challenges and barriers of maintaining paper flat in and after printing | [Zachowanie siȩ papieru w drukowaniu atramentowym czȩść 1. wyzwania i ograniczenia w utrzymaniu płaskiego lezenia papieru]. Przeglad Papierniczy 64 (9), pp. 553-558.
• Gurnagul N., Ouchi M.D., Dunlop-Jones N., Sparkes D.G., Wearing J.T.(1992). Factors affecting the coefficient of friction of paper. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 46 (5), pp. 805-814.
• Fellers, C., Bäckström, M., Htun, M., Lindholm, G. (1998). Paper-to-paper friction – Paper structure and moisture.  Nordic Pulp and Paper Research Journal 13 (3), pp. 225-232.
• Strömbro, J., Gudmundson, P. (2008). An anisotropic fibre-network model for mechano-sorptive creep in paper.  International Journal of Solids and Structures 45 (22-23), pp. 5765-5787.
• Yokoyama, T., Nakai, K. (2006). Tensile stress-strain properties and fracture resistance of paper and paperboard.  Proceedings of the 2006 SEM Annual Conference and Exposition on Experimental and Applied Mechanics 2006 1, pp. 60-67.
• Land, C. (2005). Effect of web tension on load- And moisture-induced waviness.  Nordic Pulp and Paper Research Journal 20 (2), pp. 237-241.
• Haslach Jr., H.W. (2000). Moisture and rate-dependent mechanical properties of paper: a review. Mechanics Time-Dependent Materials 4 (3), pp. 169-210.
• I’Anson, S.J., Sampson, W.W. (2007). Competing Weibull and stress-transfer influences on the specific tensile strength of a bonded fibrous network. Composites Science and Technology 67 (7-8), pp. 1650-1658.
• Polovka, M., Polovková, J., Vizárová, K., Kirschnerová, S., Bieliková, L., Vrška, M. (2006). The application of FTIR spectroscopy on characterization of paper samples, modified by Bookkeeper process. Vibrational Spectroscopy 41 (1), pp. 112-117.
• Alfthan, J. (2004). The effect of humidity cycle amplitude on accelerated tensile creep of paper. Mechanics of Time-Dependent Materials 8 (4), pp. 289-302.
• Wong, K.K.Y., Hamilton, N.T., Signal, F.A., Campion, S.H. (2004).  High Humidity Performance of Paperboard after Treatment with Xylanase, Endoglucanse, and Their Combination.  Biotechnology and Bioengineering 85 (5), pp. 516-523.
• Lundgaard, L.E., Hansen, W., Linhjell, D., Painter, T.J. (2004). Aging of Oil-Impregnated Paper in Power Transformers. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 19 (1), pp. 230-239.
• Foss, W.R., Bronkhorst, C.A., Bennett, K.A. (2003). Simultaneous heat and mass transport in paper sheets during moisture sorption from humid air.  International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 46 (15), pp. 2875-2886.
• Bandyopadhyay, A., Ramarao, B.V., Ramaswamy, S. (2002). Transient moisture diffusion through paperboard materials. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects 206 (1-3), pp. 455-467.
• Bandyopadhyay, A., Radhakrishnan, H., Ramarao, B.V., Chatterjee, S.G. (2000). Moisture sorption response of paper subjected to ramp humidity changes: Modeling and experiments. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research 39 (1), pp. 219-226.
• Dillon, S., Jones, R., Buzzi, V. (1999). On the mechanical behaviour of aging and recycled paper structures under cyclic humidity. Composite Structures 47 (1-4), pp. 727-736.
• Saliklis, E.P., Kuskowski, S.J. (1998). Constitutive modeling of paper accounting for rate of load and transient relative humidity effects. Tappi Journal 81 (2), pp. 181-188.
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• Antonio Eduardo H. Machado, Jacques A. de Miranda, Renato F. de Freitas, Edward Thomas F. M. Duarte, Lucas F. Ferreira, Yaico D. T. Albuquerque, Reinaldo Ruggiero, Christian Sattler and Lamark de Oliveira, (2002). Destruction of the organic matter present in effluent from a cellulose and paper industry using photocatalysis. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry Volume 155, Issues 1-3, 20 February 2003, Pages 231-241.
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• Porck H.J. (2000). Rate of Paper Degradation The Predictive Value of Artificial Aging Tests. European Commission on Preservation and Access,Amsterdam.
• Davidson R.S., Dunn L., Castellan A. and Nourmamode A. (1995). Attempts to photostabilize paper made from high-yield pulp by application of UV screens and control of pH. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry. Volume 86, Issues 1-3, 15 February 1995, Pages 275-282.
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